Bulgaria which country

Some historians consider AD as the date of the establishment of the Bulgarian state; others consider AD as a nation-founding date. In the 7th through the 9th centuries AD, Bulgaria conquered new territories westwards in the Balkans and Central Europe. The Bulgars and local Slavic tribes established an alliance which led to a demographic assimilation of the Bulgars by the more numerous Slavs in the following centuries.

Thus, the later Bulgarians are descendents both of Bulgars and Slavs. Cyril and St. Methodius was adopted soon after this conversion, but at the end of the 9th century it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet upon the orders of King Boris I. The new alphabet was created by St. Kliment of Ohrid a high-ranking Bulgarian official and bishop and named in honour of his teacher, St. It is an adapted version of the Greek alphabet, making it far more comprehensible for literate medieval Bulgarian elites.

This is how the Cyrillic alphabet was created and introduced into the Slavic world. The reign of Tsar Simeon , son of King Boris, is called the Golden Age of the First Bulgarian Empire, due to the development of arts, literature and the economy. In that same year, the patriarch of Constantinople recognized the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as an independent patriarchate.

The late 10th and early 11th centuries in Bulgarian history are marked by consecutive wars against the Russians and the Byzantines, which ended with the downfall of the First Bulgarian Empire and its inclusion in the Byzantine Empire for the next century and a half In AD, the brothers Petar, Asen and Kaloyan — Bulgarian aristocrats and Byzantine vassals — revolted against their suzerain and revived the Bulgarian Empire with Tarnovo as its new capital city.

Tsar Ivan Alexander led the Bulgarian Empire into a period of economic growth and cultural renaissance, while the second half of the 14th century was a period of political decentralization and defensive wars against the Ottomans and the Hungarians. In , Bulgaria technically the Vidin Empire — the last independent part of the decentralized medieval Bulgarian Tsardom was conquered by the Ottomans and remained part of that empire until The Ottoman conquest caused a demographic collapse, destroyed the elite of Bulgarian medieval society and also marginalized the Christian church.

It is blamed for slowing Bulgarian development and removing Bulgarian culture from the orbit of European civilization for five centuries. In the 18th century, the Bulgarian National Revival Period started during which Bulgarians achieved new confidence based on economic prosperity and a national identity reconnected with medieval Bulgaria as well as the contemporary European civilization.

As a result of long-lasting political and revolutionary struggles, along with diplomacy, Ottomans in the 19th century made reforms which recognized the cultural, educational and ecclesiastic autonomy of Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire. In after the Russo-Turkish Liberation War, the modern Bulgarian state was established as a constitutional monarchy. The Christian alliance won the war and limited the territorial possessions of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans to the region around Istanbul Eastern Thrace and the Turkish Straits.

Between and , approximately one million Bulgarian refugees had to leave their homes in what are today northern Greece, northwestern Turkey, Serbia and Romania due to ethnic cleansing and the politics of nationalistic assimilation. A plebiscite held in abolished the Bulgarian monarchy. Between and the country belonged to the Eastern socialist bloc and Warsaw Pact.

The process of democratization, as well as the transition to a market economy, was long and hard but ultimately successful. The Bulgarian language is one of the oldest codified European languages 9 century AD that has survived to the present day. Bulgarian belongs to the South Slavic language family. Bulgarian-Cyrillic letters are:.

Summers are typically hot and dry, but rarely oppressive, with moderately relative humidity. Winters are cold, but not bitterly so. In the Southern and Black Sea coastal regions, Mediterranean climate tempers the harsher continental climate of the interior. Among the most flavorful meat and vegetable dishes are those baked in covered clay pots, such as kapama and kavarma. A popular snack and breakfast item is banitsa, baked pastry filled with cheese and sometimes leeks or spinach , washed down by boza, a non-alcoholic malted beverage that dates back several centuries.

Bulgarian beer is also notable, with app. The national spirit, rakia, is a fiery brandy ritually consumed with a variety of appetizers meze. Most popular drinks among young people when go out are beer, vodka, wine and cocktails. Remember to check the low cost flight options most often from European airports to Bulgaria.

Save money through a combination of flights! Bulgaria has a developed bus transportation system both internal and external. What is more - travel costs here are among the cheapest in Europe. President: Rumen Radev. Rumen Radev became Bulgaria's fifth democratically elected president when he was sworn in for a five-year term in January A former air force commander, Mr Radev is a relative newcomer to politics who ran as an independent candidate with the backing of the opposition Socialists.

His victory in the presidential election led to the resignation of Prime Minister Boyko Borisov and early parliamentary elections. Mr Radev has pledged to maintain Bulgaria's position as a member of the European Union and Nato, while also improving historically important ties with Russia. Prime minister interim : Stefan Yanev. A former defence minister and an ally of President Radev, General Yanev formed an interim government in May to oversee elections slated for July. This followed inconclusive elections in April, and the resignation of long-serving conservative Prime Minister Boyko Borisov.

He had been under fire over his handling of the Covid pandemic and failure to tackle persistent corruption. Global media giants have a stake in Bulgaria's lively broadcasting market. Official Name. Republic of Bulgaria. Common Name. Bordering Countries. Calling Code. Bulgaria Lev. Where We Work Bulgaria. The World Bank In Bulgaria Bulgaria has undergone a significant transformation over the past three decades.

Bulgaria Overview. Recent Economic Developments Following a contraction by 4. Last Updated: Oct 13, In Depth. Regional Development Reform. Results in Bulgaria. Statement on Shared Services Center in Sofia. Additional Resources.