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World Rev Nutr Diet. PubMed Google Scholar. Download references. We are grateful to Dr. The funding sources had no influence on design of the study, data collection and analysis, or interpretation of the results. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
Correspondence to Maren Johanne Heilskov Rytter. MJHR conceptualized and designed the study, supervised data collection, analysed the data, and drafted the initial manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted. HN conceptualized and designed the study, supervised data collection, reviewed and revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted. HF and TG conceptualized and designed the study, reviewed and revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted.
EB collected data for the study, reviewed and revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted. PK conceptualized and designed the study, contributed to analysis and interpretation of data, reviewed and revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted.
VBC and KFM contributed to interpretation of data, reviewed and revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript as submitted. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and Permissions. Rytter, M. Social, dietary and clinical correlates of oedema in children with severe acute malnutrition: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 15, 25 Download citation. Received : 21 October Accepted : 04 March Published : 22 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Severe acute malnutrition is a serious public health problem, and a challenge to clinicians. Methods We recruited children with severe acute malnutrition admitted to Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Conclusion Children with oedematous malnutrition were less likely to be breastfed, less likely to have HIV infection and had fewer symptoms of other infections.
Background Severe acute malnutrition SAM in children is a serious public health problem [ 1 ], and a challenge for clinicians [ 2 ]. Methods Study design This cross-sectional study is based on baseline data from a cohort study of children admitted for in-hospital treatment of SAM, between October and February Examinations On admission, oedema was diagnosed according to guidelines [ 17 ], and axillary temperature was measured.
Figure 1. Flow diagram for inclusion into the study. Full size image. Table 1 Background characteristics of children admitted with severe acute malnutrition a Full size table.
Table 2 Clinical and biochemical correlates of oedema among children with severe acute malnutrition on hospital admission Full size table.
Table 3 The single symptom causing greatest worry to caretakers of oedematous and non-oedematous children, respectively a Full size table.
Table 4 Maternal and household data, household diet and food insecurity and their association with oedema among children with severe acute malnutrition Full size table. Discussion Few studies have compared characteristics of children with nutritional oedema, to children with non-oedematous SAM.
Breastfeeding Oedematous children were less likely to be breastfed, even after adjusting for age. Infections In agreement with other studies [ 24 , 27 ], we found that fewer oedematous children were HIV-infected. Children with kwashiorkor tend to have low blood sugar levels, as well as low levels of protein, sodium, zinc, and magnesium.
According to the worldwide relief organization Unicef , marasmus is the most common form of acute malnutrition in food shortage emergencies. This condition affects both children and adults. Although kwashiorkor is a condition that relates to malnutrition, merely feeding a child or adult will not correct all of the deficiencies and effects of the condition.
If a child has been living without sufficient protein and nutrients for a long time, they can find it difficult to take in food. It is, therefore, essential to reintroduce food carefully to avoid refeeding syndrome. Refeeding syndrome involves life threatening electrolyte and fluid shifts that occur with rapid refeeding of malnourished individuals. Many children with kwashiorkor will also develop lactose intolerance.
As a result, they may need to avoid milk products or take enzymes so that their body can handle milk. Doctors treating the condition will first give carbohydrates , then add in proteins, vitamins , and minerals.
The reintroduction of food may take a week or more to accomplish safely. Children with kwashiorkor may not grow to an expected height due to malnutrition at an early age. The condition also makes a person more vulnerable to infection, which, alongside a weakened immune system, can lead to life threatening complications.
Kwashiorkor is a type of severe malnutrition that is most common in children. It occurs due to a lack of protein in the diet, which affects the balance and distribution of fluids in the body and often leads to a swollen belly.
Effective treatment can usually reverse many of the signs and symptoms of kwashiorkor. It is important to reintroduce foods slowly and carefully to avoid refeeding syndrome. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. The source data underlying Fig. All other relevant data supporting the key findings of this study are available within the article and its Supplementary Information files or from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Inflammatory mediators in children with protein-energy malnutrition.
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