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We need cognition to help us understand information about the world around us and interact safely with our environment, as the sensory information we receive is vast and complicated: cognition is needed to distill all this information down to its essentials. Cognition has a physical basis in the brain with over billion nerve cells in a healthy human brain. Each of these can have up to 10, connections with other nerve cells called neurons. All of this makes it an incredibly complicated organ.
In order to begin to understand the brain we sometimes rely on simplified scientific models, some of which have been developed using studies in rodents and non-human primates. Cognition fundamentally controls our thoughts and behaviors and these are regulated by discrete brain circuits which are underpinned by a number of neurotransmitter systems. There are a number of brain chemicals which play major roles in regulating cognitive processes; including dopamine, noradrenaline norepinephrine , serotonin, acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA.
In order to better understand what drives certain behaviors, in both healthy and disease states, it is important to consider cognition and the underlying neurobiology that underpins these behaviors. Our distinct cognitive functions arise because of processes occurring within certain parts of our brain, but only some of these, end up entering our conscious awareness. These functions are often convoluted, and operate synergistically making it challenging to measure distinct cognitive processes.
However, modern cognitive testing batteries such as CANTAB are able to tease apart distinct cognitive functions see Figure 1 , that have been shown to be dependent upon diverse neuronal circuitry. Figure 1. Domain specificity of cognition and examples of component cognitive processes underlying these mechanisms.
Concepts can be complex and abstract, like justice, or more concrete, like types of birds. Some concepts, like tolerance, are agreed upon by many people, because they have been used in various ways over many years. In this way, concepts touch every aspect of our lives, from our many daily routines to the guiding principles behind the way governments function. Concepts are at the core of intelligent behavior. We expect people to be able to know what to do in new situations and when confronting new objects.
If you go into a new classroom and see chairs, a blackboard, a projector, and a screen, you know what these things are and how they will be used.
Furthermore, if someone tells you a new fact about the projector—for example, that it has a halogen bulb—you are likely to extend this fact to other projectors you encounter. In short, concepts allow you to extend what you have learned about a limited number of objects to a potentially infinite set of entities. Figure 2. In , Mohandas Gandhi led a group in peaceful protest against a British tax on salt in India.
Another technique used by your brain to organize information is the identification of prototypes for the concepts you have developed. A prototype is the best example or representation of a concept. For example, for the category of civil disobedience, your prototype could be Rosa Parks. Her peaceful resistance to segregation on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama, is a recognizable example of civil disobedience. Mohandas Gandhi served as a nonviolent force for independence for India while simultaneously demanding that Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim, and Christian leaders—both Indian and British—collaborate peacefully.
Although he was not always successful in preventing violence around him, his life provides a steadfast example of the civil disobedience prototype Constitutional Rights Foundation, Just as concepts can be abstract or concrete, we can make a distinction between concepts that are functions of our direct experience with the world and those that are more artificial in nature.
In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories, natural and artificial. For example, if you live in Essex Junction, Vermont, you have probably had a lot of direct experience with snow. In short, you know snow. You know what it looks like, smells like, tastes like, and feels like.
You know snow from the indirect experience of seeing pictures of falling snow—or from watching films that feature snow as part of the setting. Either way, snow is a natural concept because you can construct an understanding of it through direct observations or experiences of snow Figure 3.
Figure 3. An artificial concept , on the other hand, is a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics. Children under 16 can use CogniFit with a parent on one of the family platforms. Send assessments and training programs to patients. Send assessments and training programs to students.
Send assessments and training programs to your children or other family members. Send assessments and training programs to research participants. The functions of the brain as part of the Central Nervous System CNS is to regulate the majority of our body and mind purpose.
This includes vital functions like breathing or heart rate, to basic functions like sleeping, eating, or sexual instinct, and even superior functions like thinking, remembering, reasoning, or talking.
In order to carry-out any seemingly simple task, our brain has to perform thousands of processes to ensure that we properly complete the task. Proper brain function is the key to a healthy life. On our parts of the brain page, we mention that basic vital functions are measured by the oldest brain structures. In other words, the structures located in the hindbrain medulla, pons, cerebellum , and in the midbrain.
However, superior brain functions, like reasoning, memory, and attention, are controlled by the hemispheres and lobes that form part of the cortex. Good stimulation can help improve the state of different cognitive skills Finisguerra et al. Cognitive functions are the mental processes that allow us to receive, select, store, transform, develop, and recover information that we've received from external stimuli. This process allows us to understand and to relate to the world more effectively.
We are constantly using our brain- It's impossible to do anything without using at least some of our cognitive functions. For example, Do you want breakfast? Thinking about starting a book? Do you have to drive anywhere?
Are you having an interesting conversation with your friends? Often times when we talk about superior cognitive functions, we're referring to the cognitive skills that we use in order to understand and interact with the world.
Although sometimes we study them as separate ideas, we have to remember that cognitive functions are always interrelated and that sometimes they overlap. We'll take a look at the main brain functions:.
ATTENTION: Attention is a complex mental process that cannot be reduced to one simple definition, one concrete anatomical structure, and that cannot be assessed by one single test as it encompasses diverse processes. To simplify, attention is the cognitive or brain function that we use to select between stimuli that reach our brain simultaneously, both external smells, sounds, images In reality, it is a whole set of processes that vary in complexity and allow us to carry-out the rest of our cognitive functions well.
According to Sohlberg and Mateer ; , attention can be broken into different types depending on its complexity. It is was we more commonly call "concentration". When we read a book we are concentrating. Following the previous example, selective attention allows us to read a book while listening to music or the TV on. For example, when we are reading and a song we like comes on, we are able to stop for a moment while we listen or sing, and then quickly get back to the book where we left off.
For example, when we talk to a friend while write a text to someone else, or when we talk on the phone while cooking. There is not one single anatomic structure that is in charge of attention, but there are actually various circuits that are implied in this process. According to Posner and Petersen , there are an additional three systems:. Reticular activating system RAS or arousal system: This is the state or base level of consciousness that optimizes the processing of sensory stimuli that reach the cerebral cortex.
It is made up of the reticular activation system, the thalamus, the limbic system, the basal ganglia, and the frontal cortex. Posterior attention system: Permits the orientation and localization of stimuli, especially visual.
It is used in perception, visual-spatial attention, the processing of new information The main structures related to it are in the posterior parietal cortex, the lateral pulvinar, the hippocampus, and the anterior cingulate. Anterior attentional system: Allows us to direct our attention to the action. It regulated and controls the make complex cognitive tasks possible.
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